My Writing Style And Skills - 900 Words

This semester has been an eye opener to me about how I formulate ideas and outlines to my papers and visual works. My writing style and skills have gone through many changes throughout English 150 but by far there have been three areas where I have seen the most improvement. How I compose and formulate my works, using certain resources and how I integrated them into my paper, how I edit those works, and how well I use the advice and guidance from my peers to help me revise or complete my works. Composing and formulating to me should be in their own category but are also two different components of that category. Formulating being the information I choose, what other topics may go along with it, and how much relevance it has to the certain assignment criteria and my audience. Before I participated in this class I would try and include every bit of information about each topic and try to somehow include that into my writing. I learned that there are some bits of information in which you should include and some where it might be best and help the paper more by not including it. I learned this when I was writing my assignment number four, which I have included in this portfolio. Composing is how I put my paper together, meaning my outline and structure. This is the stage where I decide how I want my paper to flow and how I want it to guide the reader through. A valuable lesson I learned in this class is to really make sure my organization of my paper is done well and in doingSh ow MoreRelatedMy Strengths And Weaknesses Of An Effective Student988 Words   |  4 Pagesevaluate their current skills and use their current strengths and weaknesses to create a game plan that will help them be an effective student. Personally, I think this is a great tool because it helped me identify what my strengths are. Since I identified more strengths than weaknesses I saw this self-assessment as a motivation tool. In this lesson, I learned that there can be patterns to your strengths and your weaknesses (Bethel University, 2014). This essay will go over what my strengths and weaknessesRead MoreListening : Critical Thinking Planning946 Words   |  4 Pageschange/flexibility Writing Speaking Seeking support from others Ability to focus on one thing at a time I was very nervous to begin my self-assessment from the reading assignment. I am not one to point out my weaknesses, but this self-assessment was very helpful in determining which areas I need to better myself. I have learned I am scaled as â€Å"Good† in categories such as listening, critical thinking, planning, prioritizing, and organization. I am scaled as â€Å"Okay† in areas such as writing, speakingRead MoreThe Self Assessment Test ( Bethel University, 2014 )908 Words   |  4 Pagesareas that I have enhanced in (Bethel University, 2014). The five weakest areas in my life go hand in hand. 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Cash Management Comparison - 1107 Words

Cash Management Comparison Many organizations make a financial goal to minimize the amount of cash on hand on a monthly basis. This goal is based on attempting to reduce the amount of non-earning assets for the company. Cash on hand that is not required to meet a specific need could be placed in an interest bearing account or used to pay down on a credit balance, also reducing the amount of interest a company would have to pay on a loan. â€Å"Minimizing cash balances as well as having accurate knowledge of when cash moves into and out of the company can improve overall corporate profitability.† (Block Hirt, 2004, pg. 175). As companies find a need to supplement business financial goals, obtaining credit or loans on a short-term basis is†¦show more content†¦186) Similar in concept to T-Bills, but different in the length of term are the Treasury Notes. â€Å"Treasury notes are government obligations with a maturity of 1 to 10 years, and they may be purchased with sh ort- to intermediate-term funds.† (Block Hirt, 2004, pg. 186) After federal government securities the next tier risk wise is federal agency securities. Examples include Federal Home Loan Banks and the Student Loan Marketing Associations that lack the â€Å"direct backing of the U.S. Treasury, they are guaranteed by the issuing agency and provide all the safety that one would normally require.† (Block Hirt, 2004, pg. 187) Non-governmental securities provide the most amount of risk but also carry the possibility for the highest return of the three categories described. â€Å"Certificate of deposit (CD), offered by commercial banks, savings and loans, and other financial institutions. The investor places his or her funds on deposit at a specified rate over a given time period as evidenced by the certificate received.† (Block Hirt, 2004, pg. 187) â€Å"Comparable in yield and quality to large certificates of deposit, commercial paper represents unsecured promisso ry notes issued to the public by large business corporations.† (Block Hirt, 2004, pg. 187) With the deregulation of financial institution money market accounts, which are modeled after moneyShow MoreRelatedFinancial Research Report On Financial Management1711 Words   |  7 PagesStericycle Beginning as a medical waste management system, Stericycle (SRCL) got its start in 1989 at Lake Forest, Illinois after Congress passed the Medical Waste Tracking Act of 1988. Today, SRCL is the largest domestic provider of regulated medical waste management to large-quantity generators (such as hospitals and pharmaceutical companies) and small-quantity generators (such as medical and dental offices). 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Global Journals Of Commerce And Management - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Global Journals Of Commerce And Management. Answer: Organisational Behaviour Theories for Increasing Employee Productive Performance Organizational behaviour is defined as a crucial element which drives or steers towards improving the performance and productivity of employees and operations groups in a corporation. According to Robbins, Judge, and Campbell (2010), it is the study of both individuals performance and developed groups within a firm. Leadership is an essential element in a corporation which assists in scrutinising the impact of organisational behaviour; it is defined as the process of changing organisational behaviour in a firm with an objective to improve employees and companys performance. Effective leaders focus on encouraging productive performance from employees by providing extra care towards various corporations activities such as setting of goals, design of jobs, working conditions, motivation, and rewards. As per Parris and Peachey (2013), leaders apply various organisational behaviour theories in order to improve employees productive performance which assists in the achievement of organisati onal goals. This report will focus on analysing the role of organisational theories in a corporation and how leaders can use them to improve employees productive performance. Further, the report will evaluate the impact of organisation behaviour theories on employees performance and how managers can apply it throughout various processes in a firm. Due to globalisation and digitalisation, the competition between corporations has increased which require them to implement strategic policies. Truss et al. (2013) provided that modern corporations focus on increasing their employees productive performance since it improves their performance and assists them in gaining competitive advantage. Modern firms research into human behaviour to reveal its hard and soft dimensions and use them to encourage their performance. Leaders apply various organisational behaviour theories that assist them analysing employees attitude towards work and implement policies to improve their performance. Effective leaders strategically perform various activities relating to employees' performance such as job designing, goal setting, positive working environment, motivating and rewarding based on performance; they implement various organisational behaviour theories to improve the efficiency of the operations. Oldham and Hackman (2010) stated that job design is defined as the process of assigning tasks to specific employees which assist in improving their relationship with management which result in increasing the quality product and services. Many leaders use Herzberg's Two Factor Theory while designing various organisational jobs to ensure that employees are satisfied with their posts; it was provided by Frederick Herzberg. As per Yusoff, Kian, and Idris (2013), the theory provides that there are various factors in a corporation which causes job satisfaction or dissatisfaction, and they act independently of each other. There are several motivators and demotivators in a job which cause satisfaction and dissatisfaction in employees. The motivators include advancement, new responsibilities, achievement, growth, recognition, and others; the demotivators include policies, quality of leadership, pay, office relationships, working environment, status, security, and others. These factors influence an employee's performance, for example, a company with outdated policies, low pay grade, and hostile environment will not be able to motivate their employees by providing bonuses. Zeffane (2010) provided that the leaders have to strate gically monitor the organisational environment to implement effective policies which increase employees' productivity along with company's performance. According to Yamuna and Devi (2016), Tesco PLC uses Herzbergs theory to motivate its employees; as a result, the employees are highly motivated and empowered because of effective communication facilities. The company held forums every year which allow staff members to contribute their input on pay rises; Tesco personnel are also allowed to provide their input during designing of restaurants menus or retail stores to avoid dissatisfaction. Similarly, Job characteristics model (JCM) theory also focuses on five core job dimensions which include skill variety, task significance, autonomy, task identity and feedback to ensure that employees are satisfied with their jobs. As per Piccolo et al. (2010), managers should use this theory during the recruitment process to ensure that they select right person for the right job. Working condition of a corporation significantly influences its employees behaviour, and it increases or decreases their productivity. Leading organisation such as Apple, Google, Microsoft, and Facebook focus on establishing an effective working environment that promotes and support employees innovation approach which provides them a competitive advantage. Leaders can implement culture theory which provides that corporations are formed based on cultural values that provide what is right or wrong. The Personality-Job Fit theory given by John Holland provides that occupation environment and personality types determine job satisfaction of workers. There are six basic personality types which include realistic, artistic, social, investigative, conventional and enterprising (Whitteberry, 2016). Managers should use this theory during various organisational processes such as job designing, departmentalisation, and delegation to ensure that employees personality matches their job requirements. The leaders who match personalities with jobs are likely to have more satisfied employees who work with high efficiency; it results in increasing companys growth. For example, artistic people are more likely to be satisfied by an artistic environment which promotes their innovative approach, and they will be able to perform better in such environments. Modern corporations focus on fulfilling their social responsibilities while performing business activities to maintain a positive brand. Bauman a nd Skitka (2012) mentioned that modern companies consider their employees as a crucial part of the organisation rather than mean of production such as a machine or raw material. Modern corporations focus on motivation and reward methods to increase the efficiency of their employees since it is ethically right. Motivation is a crucial element which increases the employees productive performance, and leaders can use reward and recognition theories to motive workers. Maslows Hierarchy of Needs is a popular theory which focuses on fulfilling employees basic needs to motivate them. Kaur (2013) stated that Maslow divided needs into five parts: physiological, safety, social, esteem and self-actualization. Each employee has different needs, and leaders should fulfil such requirement to motive and increase their performance productivity. Generally, top-level management has self-actualization or esteem needs whereas low-level staff has physiological, safety or social needs. In the manufacturing process, a large number of employees are labours who have basic physiological, safety or social needs, whereas, in financial firms, most of the employees are highly paid individuals who have esteem or self-actualization needs. According to Bello (2012), ethical organisations implement a business structure whi ch promotes the development of employees; companies provide training and learning opportunities to employees in order to increase their personal development. For example, Google provides a larger number of free training programs to its employees that increase their knowledge; employees also have the option to teach the topics that they are interested. Goal setting theory is another motivational theory which assists managers to encourage employees in order to improve their productive performance. As per Lunenburg (2011), many leaders find it difficult to set realistic goals for their employees, and nonachievement of goals can discourage workers, and it negatively influences their performance. This theory provides that managers should set SMART goals which are an acronym for smart, measurable, assignable, realistic and time-based. These goals should be clearly communicated to each employee, and they should challenging but at the same time achievable. Management should assign goals to specific teams or groups to ensure that they are committed to achieving their targets. Feedback is a crucial process which allows managers to analyse whether goals are too hard or easy for employees, and they should take corrective measures based on such information (Cross, 2017). The complexity of goals is another critical element which is considered b y managers to ensure that each task is assigned as per employees skills and qualification. Highly complex tasks might discourage employees which result in decreasing their productive performance. Organizations might face difficulty in encouraging employees to improve their productivity if they failed to implement an effective motivation strategy; it also negatively influences their relationship with workers. The Human Relations Approach is another organisation behaviour theory which is used by managers to study the varying level of worker productivity. This theory provides that identifying formal and informal organisational behaviour of employees can have a significant impact on employees performance. Managers can analyse employees behaviour to incorporate policies that improve their productive performance (Perry, 2017). Modern ethical corporations focus on fulfilling their corporate social responsibilities and establishing an effective leadership approach which is suitable for both company and employees. Scientific leadership approach is considerably popular among modern enterprises which provide that there is no one best way to perform a job; instead, managers should change their leadership approach as per changing market condition (Van De Voorde, Paauwe and Van Veldhoven, 2012). Different leaders have distinct leadership traits which allow them to motivate their employees in negative working condition. Conclusively, modern managers can implement various organisational behaviour theories to increase their employees productive performance which directly influences companys growth. The managers have to take special care while performing various business functions that directly include employees performance such as setting of goals, designing of jobs, working conditions motivation and rewards; all these factors directly influence employees performance. The managers have to ensure that jobs are design as per employees qualification, so they can perform their tasks effectively; suitable jobs encourage employees to perform better since it reduces their stress. Leaders also set SMART goals for their employees and assign them to each worker or group which encourage them to perform better. Motivation is a key element which is used by manager to improve their employees productive performance because motivated worker perform with his/her highest efficiency. These factors assist modern corporat ions to fulfil their social, legal and ethical responsibilities while performing their business functions and sustain their future development. References Bauman, C.W. and Skitka, L.J. (2012) Corporate social responsibility as a source of employee satisfaction.Research in Organizational Behavior,32, pp.63-86. Bello, S.M. (2012) Impact of ethical leadership on employee job performance.International Journal of Business and Social Science,3(11). Cross, S. (2017) Goal-Setting Motivation in Organizational Behavior. [Online] Chron. Available from: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/goalsetting-motivation-organizational-behavior-25840.html [Accessed 11 January 2018]. Kaur, A. (2013) Maslows need hierarchy theory: Applications and criticisms.Global Journal of Management and Business Studies,3(10), pp.1061-1064. Lunenburg, F. C. (2011) Goal-Setting Theory of Motivation. [PDF] International Journal of Management, Business and Administration. 15(1), pp.2-5. Available from: https://www.nationalforum.com/Electronic%20Journal%20Volumes/Lunenburg,%20Fred%20C.%20Goal-Setting%20Theoryof%20Motivation%20IJMBA%20V15%20N1%202011.pdf [Accessed 11 January 2018]. Oldham, G.R. and Hackman, J.R. (2010) Not what it was and not what it will be: The future of job design research.Journal of organizational behavior,31(2?3), pp.463-479. Parris, D.L. and Peachey, J.W. (2013) A systematic literature review of servant leadership theory in organizational contexts.Journal of business ethics,113(3), pp.377-393. Perry, G. L. (2017) Human Relations Management Theory Basics. [Online] Business. Available from: https://www.business.com/articles/human-relations-management-theory-basics/ [Accessed 11 January 2018]. Piccolo, R.F., Greenbaum, R., Hartog, D.N.D. and Folger, R. (2010) The relationship between ethical leadership and core job characteristics.Journal of Organizational Behavior,31(2?3), pp.259-278. Robbins, S.P., Judge, T. and Campbell, T.T. (2010)Organizational behaviour. Financial Times Prentice Hall. Truss, C., Shantz, A., Soane, E., Alfes, K. and Delbridge, R. (2013) Employee engagement, organisational performance and individual well-being: exploring the evidence, developing the theory. Van De Voorde, K., Paauwe, J. and Van Veldhoven, M. (2012) Employee well?being and the HRMorganizational performance relationship: a review of quantitative studies.International Journal of Management Reviews,14(4), pp.391-407. Whitteberry, K. (2016) The 6 Personality Types and How They Impact Your Career Choice. [Online] Iofficecorp. Available from: https://www.iofficecorp.com/blog/six-personality-types-how-they-impact-your-career-choice [Accessed 11 January 2018]. Yamuna, G. and Devi, R.J. (2016) Motivation Theories Applied for Increasing Employee Performance at Work Place-Case study Review. [Online]Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research,2(11). Available from: https://www.onlinejournal.in/IJIRV2I11/194.pdf [Accessed 11 January 2018]. Yusoff, W.F.W., Kian, T.S. and Idris, M.T.M. (2013) Herzbergs Two Factors Theory On Work Motivation: Does Its Work For Todays Environment.Global journal of commerce and Management,2(5), pp.18-22. Zeffane, R. (2010) Towards a two-factor theory of interpersonal trust: A focus on trust in leadership.International Journal of Commerce and Management,20(3), pp.246-257.

Macromedia Essays - Software Licenses, Computer Law,

Macromedia MACROMEDIA Electronic End-User Software License Agreement THIS AGREEMENT IS A LEGAL DOCUMENT. READ IT CAREFULLY BEFORE COMPLETING THE INSTALLATION PROCESS AND USING THE SOFTWARE. IT PROVIDES A LICENSE TO USE THE SOFTWARE AND CONTAINS WARRANTY INFORMATION AND LIABILITY DISCLAIMERS. BY INSTALLING AND USING THE SOFTWARE, YOU ARE CONFIRMING ACCEPTANCE OF THE SOFTWARE AND AGREEING TO BECOME BOUND BY THE TERMS OF THIS AGREEMENT. IF YOU DO NOT WISH TO DO SO, DO NOT COMPLETE THE INSTALLATION PROCESS. PROMPTLY RETURN THE ENTIRE PACKAGE TO THE PLACE WHERE YOU OBTAINED IT, FOR A FULL REFUND. 1. Definitions (a) Authoring Product means Software, such as Macromedia's Authorware? and Director? products, which generate End-User Products. (b) Educational Version means a version of the Software, so identified, for use by students and faculty of educational institutions, only. End-User Products of Educational Versions may not be used for, nor shall they be distributed to any party for, any commercial purpose. (c) End-User Product means an output file generated by you using Macromedia's Authoring products, which contains the Macromedia Run-Time. Examples of End-User Products include animations, courseware, presentations, demonstration files, interactive multimedia material, interactive entertainment products and the like. (d) Not For Resale (NFR) Version means a version of the Macromedia Product, so identified, to be used for review and evaluation purposes, only. (e) Macromedia means Macromedia, Inc. and its licensors, if any. (f) Macromedia Run-Time means a portion of the Software required in order for the End-User Product to operate on hardware on which the Software itself is not resident. (g) Software means the programs supplied by Macromedia herewith, and any and all updates thereto. 2. License This Agreement allows you to: (a) Install and use the Software on a single computer and make one copy of the Software in machine-readable form solely for backup purposes. You must reproduce on any such copy all copyright notices and any other proprietary legends on the original copy of the Software. (b) Install the Software on a storage device, such as a network server, and run the Software on an internal network, provided the number of concurrent users does not exceed the number of copies of the Software purchased. A copy of the Software must be purchased for each such user. (c) If you have purchased a multi-pack license for the Software product, such as a Ten-Pack license, or a license to make multiple installations of the Software, you may concurrently use the number of copies of the Software authorized by that purchase. (d) Make copies of the End-User Product, and the associated Macromedia Run-Time, and distribute those copies for use solely by yourself or personnel employed by you, or by another party, solely for its own internal purposes. 3. Run-Time Distribution Agreement (a) You must enter into a Macromedia Run-Time Distribution Agreement if you wish to copy and distribute an End-User Product, and its associated Macromedia Run-Time, other than as set forth in Section 2(d). Please contact Macromedia for details. (You may telephone 800-449-3329 in the USA or see Macromedia's Web page: www.macromedia.com.) (b) End-User Products of Educational and Not For Resale (NFR) Versions may not be distributed for commercial purposes. 4. License Restrictions Other than as set forth in Section 2, you may not make or distribute copies of the Software, or electronically transfer the Software from one computer to another or over a network. You may not decompile, reverse engineer, disassemble, or otherwise reduce the Software to a human-perceivable form. You may not rent, lease or sublicense the Software. You may not modify the Software or create derivative works based upon the Software. You may not export the Software into any country prohibited by the United States Export Administration Act and the regulations thereunder. 5. Upgrades If this copy of the Software is an upgrade from an earlier version of the Software, it is provided to you on a license exchange basis. You agree by your installation and use of this copy of the Software to voluntarily terminate your earlier end-user license and that you will not continue to use the earlier version of the Software nor transfer it to another. 6. Ownership The foregoing license gives you limited rights to use the Software. Although you own the media on which the Software is recorded, you do not become the owner of, and Macromedia retains title to, the Software, the

Humans vs Animals Debating Essay Sample

Humans vs Animals Debating Essay Sample Humans vs Animals Debating Essay Example Humans vs Animals Debating Essay Example The mind-body item in philosophy researches the connections between mind and matter, and especially the connections between consciousness and the brain. The item was investigated by pre-Aristotelian philosophers, and later, it was notably researched by Renà © Descartes in the 17th century, leading to the formation of Cartesian dualism. Rene Descartes believed that the bodies of animals have the analogous feelings, as human beings have, but they lack mind. It practically means that Descartes considered that there is a physical shell (home), but there is literally no one at home, meaning no self, and no person present in animals to observe the feelings, experience them, and become conscious of them. It is like in a situation with a movie demonstrated in an empty theater. Are We All Different from Animals? According to Rene Descartes, the conduct, which seems to be an antipathy and volition, affliction and consolation, apathy and curiosity, is practically a hard-leading planned replication and reaction, similarly to a machine. Descartes considered that human beings only and no other animals have this non-physical mind. Personally I disagree with Descartes, as I believe that animals and humans are not of different kind, but of different degree. Rene Descartes believed that human beings have two constituents: the body and the mind (soul). The majority of processes that human beings perform can be accounted for thoughtless reactions, or passions to the environment. Descartes believed that animals, due to the lack of the mind, operate and interact through passions only. Thus, Descartes believed that animals are, briefly, â€Å"organic automata† (meaning machines), being â€Å"much more splendid than artificial ones,† but remaining machines nonetheless (Descartes 11). Therefore, a number of Descartes’ claims can be defined. The first claim states that animals cannot â€Å"use speech or signs as we do when placing our thoughts on record for the benefit of others,† (Descartes 14) or alternatively stated that they are unable to utilize language in order to make known the considerations and speculations in a distinct manner. Moreover, Descartes particularly notes that the sphere, where all animals â€Å"fall short† is language and explicit intercourse, which Descartes support by the phrase that animals â€Å"have less reason than men, but that they have none at all, since it is clear that very little is required in order to be able to talk† (Descartes, 15). On the basis of the above-mentioned assumptions, Descartes grounds his over-vaulting approval concerning animals and their assumed machine-similar nature. Rene Descartes defined a number of discrepancies between animals and humans. He believed that if there was a machine with the analogous organs as in an animal, it would be actually indistinguishable from the animal itself. However, if there was a machine with analogous organs as in human beings, people would easily recognize the discrepancies. The human machine, practically, would be able to respond to standard motivators, including a hot rabble being pressed to the side. Nevertheless, in the case when the human machine has to perform more complicated actions, including the process of expressing the feelings and emotions, they will not be able to perform it. Moreover, human machine lacks the soul. Thus, even despite the fact that they may be able to perform particular actions on the same level or even better than human beings, the machine is just able to perform those tasks. It is due to the fact that human machines have shortage of knowledge. It means that they are able to perform only the functions that they have been programmed to perform. Animals are similar to their machines, due to the fact that they operate with the help of their organs disposition. They do not speculate that animals eat when their stomach tells them to eat, and they go to sleep when their brain tells them to do it, etc. Therefore, an animal machine, which will have analogous organs as animals, would actually operate identically to an animal. At the same time, a rational human would be able to observe the situation and perform depending on the way the human beings feel. In fact, all people will perform in a number of ways, but on the other hand, all machines will perform in an analogous way (Descartes 14). Thus, Descartes has concluded that animals are machines; moreover, they are automata as they do not speculate, possess a language, and have no self-awareness. Furthermore, they have no apperception, and they are totally without emotions and feelings. Descartes investigated two principles causing motions: one of them is merely automatical and material and depends absolutely on the influence of the spirits and the structure of our organs. Therefore, it can be named corporal soul. The other one is the incorporated mind, the soul, which is differentiated as a speculating substance. Descartes investigated whether the motions of animals originated from both of these principles or the one only and concluded that they â€Å"all originate from the corporeal and mechanical principle† (Descartes 12). According to Descartes, an immaterial mind is manifested by the usage of creative language, and the process of creatively utilizing language, which is exclusively peculiar to humans. Descartes asserted that, instead of being originally rational, the minds of animals are mainly governed by various kinds of predilections, instincts, and impulses, meaning the things, which human beings also have together with the concept of â€Å"thought.† Descartes demonstrated such theory with the help of analyzing human beings’ capacity to intercourse and communicate explicitly through language. Nevertheless, Descartes does elude â€Å"the simple repetition of words and/or sentences† by the concept of language (13). It is done purposely due to the fact that animals possess a biological capacity to â€Å"utter words just like ourselves† including â€Å"magpies and parrots,† Descartes explained that by the fact that animals â€Å"cannot speak as we do, that is, so as to give evidence that they think of what they say† (Descartes, 15). Moreover, Rene Descartes even more dilates his theory with the help of stressing the capability of people who are both â€Å"deaf and dumb† to be able to intercourse in a meaningful way, even despite the fact that they do not have the physical organs of speech, which according to Descartes, the majority of animals have (Descartes 15). In fact, animals have intercourses, despite the fact that they are simply retranslating instinctively wished things, including food and water, or showing backward responses, including pain or excitement. Alternatively stated, animals are conscious, but they are not self-conscious. Moreover, Descartes believes that animals cannot presume and afterwards express emotions and ideas. Therefore, animal pain, due to the fact that it is not a genuine pain, is unimportant in a moral way. It practically means that it does not matter. Thus, Rene Descartes provided humanity with the sanction to perform actions with subterfuge. It is very pressing in some quarters to believe that human beings are significantly distinctive from animals. This would actually allude that there exists some particular ownership, which is possessed by human beings only. In fact, it is obvious that a number of years ago, mind was believed to play this role, but researches on animal brain have demonstrated that animals have the same kind of mental abilities as human beings do, but only in a more restricted form. Due to the fact that mind and intelligence appear to be the abilities, which can be possessed to higher or lowers degrees, it actually does not make sense to mark off on the basis of the scale and assert. Charles Darwin was sure that â€Å"the difference in mind between man and the higher animals, great as it is, certainly is one of degree and not of kind† (Darwin, Prodger, and Ekman 266). He considered that human beings are analogous to animals and solely gradually more intelligent resulting from the higher evolution . Darwin possessed a general view that natural selection is the result of the aloft evolvement of the living creature with the time. Darwin explained this with the help of nine claims. Firstly, humanity has the same senses as lower animals. Secondly, humanity has some of the same instincts that lower animals possess (e.g., self-protection, consternations, kindness and passion to other friendly beings, love of mother to the child, etc.) (Darwin, Prodger, and Ekman 290). Thirdly, humanity feels pleasure and hurt, the same as lower animals do. Fourthly, humanity enjoys play as lower animals do. Fifthly, humanity imitates other beings as lower animals do. Sixthly, humanity has dreams as lower animals do. Seventhly, humanity has mental individuality as lower animals do. Eighthly, humanity uses language as lower animals do (Darwin, Prodger, and Ekman 290). Finally, humanity appreciates beauty as lower animals do. Thus, human being is considered to have originated straightly from the animal k ingdom with the help of the analogous processes being involved and the same evolutionary factors, which actually caused animals to evolve (Darwin, Prodger, and Ekman 291). Therefore, the discrepancies between human being and animal are not considered to be essential and fundamental as they are only the difference in degree. In fact, human being has only evolved to a greater ratio. The studies in comparative psychology demonstrate that conduct features, which have been once considered exceptional to human beings, are actually shared with other animals, incorporating even cognitively sophisticated ones, such as fraud and self-management. A low-degree male baboon will, for example, menace a top-degree male for a single objective of sidetracking him in order to provide another low-degree male the ability to have a sexual relationship with one of the top degree’s mates (Cadsby). Chimps will even divert themselves in order to impose their volition. Therefore, during the research, in which they were repaid with more sweets in case they agglomerate them rather than eat them at once, they will play with toys in order to withstand temptation (Colley). Moreover, chimps will also accumulate and throw out stones for the future utilization as armament, demonstrating the capability to speculate beyond the current instant to a tentative futurity. As a matter of fact, t hese are not only the great apes, which show cognitive proficiency. Incertitudely controlling researches demonstrate that dolphins and rhesus macaque monkeys are able to control their cognition at the time when they collide with variable results (Colley). Therefore, they will, for example, choose lighter assignment, which actually provide them with lower rewards, rather than complicated assignments, which offer higher rewards. Moreover, the burgeoning research, which demonstrates the unthinkable resourcefulness of other animals, does not actually diminish the fact how much more advanced human being cognition is, but it does propose that there are forerunners in other animals for human being cognitive skills (Cadsby 2014). This practically creates a strong argument supporting the case of degree, rather than kind. As a matter of fact, a video â€Å"A Conversation with Koko† (2013) visually demonstrates animals’ ability to communicate with people. Koko is a western lowland gorilla. Penny Peterson, the President and scientific director of the Gorilla Foundation and Koko are the examples of a whole new world of understanding. Their friendship actually shook the ancient stereotypes and changed the outlook on both gorillas and human beings. They are the first human and gorilla to share a common language. Penny taught Koko to speak sign language. There is an exchange of intellect and emotion that we get with another person. Koko is peering into somebody’s eyes, as if asking the person about something and getting the information from this person due to the fact that she can do it as she understands the sign language. It demonstrates that human beings share the world with other intelligent beings. It is hard to make any conclusions as the sign language between Penny and Koko is un known to the viewers, however, it is obvious that gorilla does not simply repeat the actions after Penny. She really tries to tell something and explain something she has on her mind. However, Koko is not the only one, who is able to communicate. Another example is Kanzi , who is a thirty-one years old male bonobo residing in a little societal community together with other representatives of his species at the Great Ape Trust in Des Moines, Iowa (Goldman 2012). As a matter of fact, bonobos, as well as chimpanzees, are human beings nearest existing affinity. Due to the fact that Kanzi has been working with a primatologist Sue Savage-Rumbaugh, he is currently able to comprehend a number of thousand words. Furthermore, Kanzi is able to communicate, while utilizing a special type of keyboard, which incorporates approximately four hundred optical symbols, which are called lexigrams (Goldman 2012). In addition, there exists a border collie named Rico, who is acquainted with the labels of approximately two hundred different items, and is able to regain them at a word of command. In comparison with Koko and Kanzi, this fact might not seem especially trimming or stirring. Nevertheless, Rico is able to study the docket of an item, which he has never observed before after only hearing the word once. In the case when there are twenty items in front of him, with the nineteen being already familiar to him and he is directed to regain an item utilizing a word he has never heard before, Rico is able to conclude that the unacquainted item coincides with the unacquainted word (Goldman 2012). Moreover, Rico is able to remember the coupling even within the weeks. This procedure of word-studying, which is called quick-mapping, is analogous to the procedure, with the help of which young infants study new words. Moreover, there are the female Atlantic bottlenose dolphins, named Phoenix and Akea kamai. They existed at a special Kewalo Basin Marine Mammal Laboratory in Honolulu (Goldman 2012). A well-known paper by the marine biologist Louis Herman and colleagues in 1984 demonstrated Akeakamai’s and Phoenix’s capabilities to comprehend clauses in optical or audio synthetic languages. The investigators provided the dolphins with instructions, which were fully formed with the help of familiar words, but in different schemes, which would only be comprehended by appreciating the grammar of the clauses, not only the lexicon. For instance, the phrase â€Å"Phoenix Akeakamai Over† was the direction given to Phoenix in order to swim to Akeakamai and hop over her, at the same time â€Å"Akeakamai Surfboard Fetch Speaker† directed Akeakamai to take the surfboard and bring it to the speaker. In all of these situations, both dolphins were supposed to estimate and translate the words in the connections to the noun utilized. For example, they had to understand whether the word â€Å"fetch† applied to the surfboard or the speaker (Goldman 2012). Therefore, it is important to repeat the major questions: what is the discrepancy between human beings and animals? Significantly, there is no difference due to the fact that the discrepancies are just a matter of degree. Nevertheless, human communities and animal communities are significantly distinctive, as human societies process the information in a way, which sets them far apart from animals’ communities, which are only slightly less intelligent than humans. Does this make humans special? Only if somebody considers, for instance, the H2O molecules of the liquid water to be significantly distinctive from the molecules in the ice.

What is the Average Salary by Age in the United States

What is the Average Salary by Age in the United States What is the average salary by age in the United States? How much do people your age typically make? Are you above, below, or at the average percentile? According to the study conducted by CreditRepair.com, age does have a correlation to earning potential. The  average salary by age is highest for people ages 35-44, followed by ages 45-54. However, age is not the only factor that determines salary. The data below suggests that race is the largest factor in determining how much money you make, followed by gender. In 3 out of 5 age groups, Asians outperform all other races. Conversely, men outperform women in every age group.This suggests age  definitely plays a role but it is often influenced by other factors.That being said, let’s take a further look at how age, race, gender play a role in determining salary potentialSource: [BusinessInsider]

Personal Hazard Plan Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Personal Hazard Plan - Research Proposal Example However, while just reading will not automatically force you to form new habits, knowledge of practical safety tips, if applied, could save you much pain, even your very life. Surely, you do not need to burn your fingers on the stove to establish that the stove is hot. Through the pain and suffering of thousands at the hands of that rough teacher Experience, safety rules have been established. As for the author of this paper, clumsiness may not at all be an issue, however considering that he needs to attend to several activities in different areas everyday, it could be noted that he is then not free from meeting accidents along the way. Hence, within the discussion that follows, it could be observed that personal hazard plans needs to be established to assure that the author would be well prepared in handling possible accidents that may occur. However, to be able to create a plan that would be most effective for the author's safety, it is first important to know how safety rules are created based from the historical reports pertaining to the development of the said process of safety preparation. Possible dangers: since it is a university, it is expected to be established with high buildings with either stairs or elevators as means of manual or automatic transport around the area. For this reason, it is necessary that the author be able to understand how to deal with certain natural occurrences such as earthquakes. Safety Measures to Consider: It is advised that when in school, there is a need to keep safe at all times. When a slight shock of earthquake happens, it is important to take immediate cover. Follow the different escape areas, to do so, knowing the map of the building for the different exists around the area is indeed essential. (b) Second is Qualcomm Stadium- Chargers Stadium (address is: 9449 Friars Rd, San Diego, CA 92108). Possible dangers: Since the area is a wide-open space, only huge natural hazards could be expected to happen, such as storm and earthquake. With these occurrences happening in the middle of highly populated occasion, it is important for one to be ready for an exit from the area. Safety Measures to Consider: When in a crowded area, be sure to situated in a location where it is easy to exit from the place in case of any emergency situations occurring. It could be noted that through this approach to the situation, one could assure himself that he would be able to get out at once and avoid any possible stampede just incase emergencies happen during an event. (c) home( address is: 3939 Georgia Street, San Diego, CA 92103). Possible dangers: Even though the home seems to be the safest place for everyone. However, even though this is the case it is still important to handle safety effectively even within one's own house. Safety Measures to Consider: The house itself should be safe from falling out with simple shocks of low-end earthquakes. It should also be prepared for possible thunderstorms. Exit points should always be ready when emergencies occur. (d) work(address is: 7170 Miramar Rd, San Diego, CA 92121). Possible dangers: At work, technical and natural dangers should be well expected and prepared for. It is through this that one is protected from the possible occurrences that would break in

Business proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business proposal - Essay Example This industry is being supported by the economic situation: the rise in real wages and growing food expenditure (Morrison). The European for Reconstruction and Development revised the growth projections for Russia increasing them by slightly above 0.3% and considering this change there is the need to increase production of processed food products in the market. Serovic Stores Inc. Russia is a mainstream food store in Russia and could do better-adding food and poultry products to its shelves. Sourcing these products from the Shuka Food Processors Co. LTD would allow the store to provide more products. These are new to the Russian market and beat the competition by having the healthiest and most delicious range of products gracing their shelves. The purpose of Shuserovis Food Processors Company limited to start the partnership to conquer the Russian processed food market. Consequently, it is in order to make an impact in the rich Russian market Shuka Food Processors Co. LTD needs Serovic Stores Inc. The investment in this lucrative venture would be a significant success for both companies that couple together. The partnerships are to come up with an enterprise for food production in Moscow to serve the Russian market. There market gap is owing to the increasing demand for food in China due to population growth, hence reducing the export of food products to Russia (Schweitzer). Currently, it means that the Russian economy has an additional order of about 15000 tons per year. The production capabilities of agricultural produce, in this case, is in the approximation of 35000tons per year, and approximately 75% of the total raw material will be from the Russian farmers.The projection of Investment benefits is 40.2million USD per year. Shuserovis Food Processors Company limited, require introducing new processed food products to the Russian market to beat the competition and to earn profits. The

The reforms made during the reign of terror helped france. Essay Example for Free

The reforms made during the reign of terror helped france. Essay Maximilien Franpis Marie Isidore Robespierre (PA: [ma. ksi. mi. lJE fBd. swa ma. Bi i. zi. d0B da BO. bES. pJEB]; 6 May 1758 28 July 1794) was a French lawyer and politician, and one of the best-known and most influential figures of the French Revolution. As a member of the Estates-General, the Constituent Assembly and the Jacobin Club Oacobin leader during the Reign of Terror), he advocated against the death penalty and for the abolition of slavery, while supporting equality of rights, universal suffrage and the establishment of a republic. He opposed war with Austria and the possibility of a coup by the Marquis de Lafayette. As a member of the Committee of Public Safety, he was an important fgure during the period of the Revolution commonly known as the Reign of Terror, which ended a few months after his arrest and execution in July 1794. Influenced by 18th-century Enlightenment philosophes such as Rousseau and Montesquieu, he was a capable articulator of the beliefs of the left- wing bourgeoisie. His supporters called him The Incorruptible, while his adversaries called him dictateur sanguinaire (bloodthirsty dictator). His reputation has gone through cycles. It peaked in the 1920s when the influential French historian Albert Mathiez rejected the common view of Robespierre as demagogic, dictatorial, and fanatical. Mathiez argued he was an eloquent spokesman for the poor and oppressed, an enemy of royalist intrigues, a vigilant adversary of dishonest and corrupt politicians, a guardian of the French Republic, an intrepid leader of the French Revolutionary government, and a prophet of a socially responsible state. l] In recent decades his reputation has suffered from his association with radical purification of politics by the killing of his Contents [hide] 1 Early life 2 Early politics 3 Jacobin Club 4 Opposition to war with Austria

Argumentative Essay: Women Should Not Be Allowed To Go Topless In Publi

Argumentative Essay: Should Women Be Allowed To Go Topless in Public   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the summer of 1996 Gwen Jacobs enjoyed a topless summer stroll during which she was seen by a local O.P.P officer, was apprehended and subsequently charged with indecent exposure. Gwen Jacobs pleaded not guilty in court and won the right to go topless in Ontario. This incident brought up an excellent question: should women be allowed to go topless on public beaches and in other public areas? The answer is strictly no, women should not be allowed to go topless anywhere outside of their own home.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the many reasons why I believe that women should not be allowed to go topless is with respect to the safety of women. Men and boys have, in recent years, been using short, tight, skirts and shirts as an excuse for rape or date rape. Men have said that the girl was wearing a tight shirt and short skirt and it was obvious that she was easy and wanted the attention. This statement leads me to my next point. The average human being upon first contact with a stranger bases his initial impression of that person solely on the person's appearance. This is only natural as the only thing that we know about this stranger is what we see of them the first time we meet. We all are aware of the sayings "Preppy","Jockish","Skater","Sluty" etc. This final saying, â€Å"Sluty† is interpreted by 90 percent of North Americans as a tight skirt and tight tank top which happens to be the usual ensembl... Argumentative Essay: Women Should Not Be Allowed To Go Topless In Publi Argumentative Essay: Should Women Be Allowed To Go Topless in Public   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the summer of 1996 Gwen Jacobs enjoyed a topless summer stroll during which she was seen by a local O.P.P officer, was apprehended and subsequently charged with indecent exposure. Gwen Jacobs pleaded not guilty in court and won the right to go topless in Ontario. This incident brought up an excellent question: should women be allowed to go topless on public beaches and in other public areas? The answer is strictly no, women should not be allowed to go topless anywhere outside of their own home.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the many reasons why I believe that women should not be allowed to go topless is with respect to the safety of women. Men and boys have, in recent years, been using short, tight, skirts and shirts as an excuse for rape or date rape. Men have said that the girl was wearing a tight shirt and short skirt and it was obvious that she was easy and wanted the attention. This statement leads me to my next point. The average human being upon first contact with a stranger bases his initial impression of that person solely on the person's appearance. This is only natural as the only thing that we know about this stranger is what we see of them the first time we meet. We all are aware of the sayings "Preppy","Jockish","Skater","Sluty" etc. This final saying, â€Å"Sluty† is interpreted by 90 percent of North Americans as a tight skirt and tight tank top which happens to be the usual ensembl...

Eschools as Organisations Post 16 Options for Young People and Adults Essay

1. 2 Explain the post 16 options for young people and adults: – Once a young person has reached year 11 there are a number of choices to make about their future, this could be choosing a new course at school or college or entering employment and training. These options will give them a good base on building a future career. Post 16:- Continue in full time education either sixth form or at a local college. Depending on their results they can choose from the list below:- Post 17:- If they have just completed a one-year course, following Year 12, they may decide to continue their studies full time or look for jobs and training:- Post 18:- Following Year 13, they will have a number of choices to make about their future. They may decide to continue their studies full time or look for jobs or training. List of options for post 16, 17 and 18. Course at entry level- Entry level courses do not require any exam passes and usually take one or two years to complete, a course at this level is an – Entry Level Certificate. Course at Level 1(foundation Level) – Foundation level courses do not usually require any exam passes. Depending on which course they do it usually takes either one or two years to complete. Examples of courses at this level are: -Introductory Certificates/Diplomas -National First Award (level 1) -National certificate/Award (level 1) -GCSEs -NVQ Level 1 Welsh Baccalaureate Qualification (foundation Level) All foundation Level courses can lead to higher level courses or work and training. Courses at level 2 (intermediate level) – Intermediate Level courses may require two or three passes at grades D–G and they usually take two years to complete. Examples of courses at this level are: – GCSEs – First Certificates/Diplomas – National Certificates/Awards (Level 2) – NVQ Level 2 – Foundation Apprenticeship – Welsh Baccalaureate Qualification (Intermediate) All Intermediate Level courses can lead to higher level course or jobs with training. (Providing they get the grades required). Courses at level 3 (advanced level) Four or five GCSEs at grades A*- C or equivalents are usually required for entry. Depending on the type of course, they generally take either one or two years to complete. Examples of courses at this level are: – AS/A levels, including applied A levels – National Diploma – International Baccalaureate – Welsh Baccalaureate Qualification (Advanced) †¢ NVQ Level 3 – Apprenticeship. All Advanced Level courses can lead to higher education or jobs and training (providing they get the grades required in the appropriate subjects). Welsh Baccalaureate Qualification:- The Welsh Bac is now becoming available to more learners throughout Wales in schools, colleges and work-based settings. It allows for more flexibility in their studies. They will also develop skills and learning styles that prepare you for further and higher education, as well as the world of work. The Welsh Bac consists of two parts: Core – consisting of five components: – An Individual Investigation (which is like a project) into a subject of their own choice. – Wales, Europe and the World – Key Skills – Work-related education – Personal and social education. Options – where they choose from course/programmes that are currently offered, for example: – GCSE – AS/A levels – VCE (Vocational A levels) – NVQ – BTEC – OCR. – New Principal Learning and Project Qualification will also be available as option within the Welsh Bac. Apprenticeships: Apprenticeships bring them formal qualifications and highly specific work skills. They must be employed so they will be earning while they learn. They can also use Apprenticeship as a stepping stone to higher qualifications. As an Apprentice, their skills and role are respected, many top managers started out by learning a trade and understanding how the organisation works from the ground up. To gain access to an apprenticeship applicants would need: – – Four or five GCSEs at grade C or above are usually needed. – They’d be paid while they learn the skills that employers are looking for. – They’d gain an NVQ Level 3 qualification as an Apprentice or a Level 2 qualification as a foundation Apprentice. Higher Apprenticeships are also available at a Level 4 or above. Traineeships: If the student was leaving school or college a Traineeship could help them get the skills needed to get a job or progress to further learning at a higher level, for example Apprenticeships or further education. In most cases they can start on a Traineeship at any point during the year and they don’t need any formal qualifications to access the programme. There are different levels of Traineeship. (Post 18) †¢ Engagement: If they are finding it difficult to find the right job, get into work or develop their skills and learning, this level will help prepare them for the world of work or full time learning. This level can include work placements, community projects or training. Level 1: If they know what career they want to follow and are ready for full-time learning at Level 1, this level will allow them to progress their skills further in their chosen subject and can also include work placements and community projects. If they have successfully completed a Level 1 and are still out of work, they maybe eligible to start learning at Level 2. Voluntary work: As well as doing something worthwhile and rewarding in its own right, voluntary work can also be a good way of gaining skills and experience, especially if they don’t find a job or training right away. It also looks good on a CV. Youth Gateway: If they need some extra help and support before applying for a course, job or training, Youth Gateway is a short programme run by Careers Wales to help them with identifying and developing skills, job search, making applications and choosing suitable courses. Information on this can found at the local Careers Wales Centre. Direct. Gov [15 April 2012] www. education. gov. uk [1 April 2012 wales. gov. uk [ 1 April 2012].

Pudd’Nhead Wilson Theme

A persistent theme throughout Pudd’nhead Wilson is nature versus nature. This covers the social issues of identity and reputation in a broader sense than man versus man. Mark Twain does not lean towards one side more than the other, however. Racial distinctions are a major topic discussed in this story. This contributes to the other themes of honor and betrayal.. Mark Twain was able to discuss many complex themes in this story.I believe that one of the most persistent themes in Pudd’nhead Wilson is nature versus nature, rather than man versus man. This is because rather than focusing on how men interact with other men, Twain asks why they act a certain way. What determines a person’s identity? What do they inherit from their surrounding environments? Tension between nature and nurture is most clearly seen in the character of Tom Driscoll. Tom was raised as a rich, spoiled kid. He eventually grows to become a lazy, untrustworthy man.These characteristics were said to come from his inherited â€Å"slave† qualities, which shows how racial distinctions play a part in this theme. There is a beautiful, intelligent woman in Pudd’nhead Wilson named Roxy, who appears to be white. However, due to a tiny fraction of her blood being black, she is condemned to a life of slavery. But she is incredibly clever and could be very successful. The racial classification is seen through the switching of babies.Roxy’s baby is destined to a life of slavery; while her master’s son, Tom, is guaranteed fortune and luxury his whole life. Honor and betrayal is seen specifically when Tom gets himself into trouble with gambling debts. Roxy is willing to make a huge sacrifice for her son. She offered to forfeit her freedom and to be sold back into slavery in order to raise enough money to pay off Tom’s debt. Twain portrays Roxy as an honorable woman by emphasizing on how she- a slave- is willing to sacrifice for Tom- a fortunate, dishone st man.She asks two things of him by making this sacrifice: that she is sold up north and that he buys her back a year later. Tom expresses gratitude for his mother, but is quick to betray her. The theme of man versus man could not cover the complexity of the themes in Pudd’nhead Wilson. Nature versus nature is a major theme in the story. This includes racial distinctions and other social issues. Honor and betrayal is another theme revealed in Pudd’nhead Wilson. Twain did an excellent job at â€Å"weaving† all these themes together in this story.

Free Essays on Chicano Studies

Chapter nine’s focus in Vigil’s From Indians to Chicanos is on the breakup and transformation of the social order. It is broken down into the Civil Rights Ferment, the 1960s Chicano Movement, and concludes with the 1970s and beyond. With some more emphasized than others, Vigil applies each of the â€Å"6 C’s† in this chapter. The initial factors will be on the first three- Class, Culture, and Color. Many fought their way against great odds into the middle class orthodox American society. Others, with equal strength, contested the social obligations to â€Å"Americanize and abandon traditional ways.† Still present was a major separation of income between Mexicans and whites, even in the middle class. Chicanas were finally embracing feminist viewpoints, knowing that they were twice the minority. Chicanos have a pursuit for social justice, for example, organizing to improve living conditions. Moving on to Culture, many Chicanos joined and took a memorial (signed by thousands of Chicanos) to Mexico and handed it over to President Lopez Mateos. This document plead to the Mexican President to negotiate with the United States government to fulfill the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which was designed to protect land grants and cultural rights. However, the United States government never seriously embraced this. Furthermore, Chicano activists offered the idea of bilingual education, which had many positive benefits. Unfortunately, it fell through due to counterattacks and low federal funding. Finally, Vigil moves on to color. Chicanos still had to endure discrimination from the Anglos. One example was a bill that was presented by Congressman Peter Rodino that would permit employers to ask for place of birth identification from anyone â€Å"appearing† to be Mexican. This without doubt violated the civil rights of the millions of Mexican Americans who were indeed born in the United States. Also, schools in Chicano... Free Essays on Chicano Studies Free Essays on Chicano Studies Chapter nine’s focus in Vigil’s From Indians to Chicanos is on the breakup and transformation of the social order. It is broken down into the Civil Rights Ferment, the 1960s Chicano Movement, and concludes with the 1970s and beyond. With some more emphasized than others, Vigil applies each of the â€Å"6 C’s† in this chapter. The initial factors will be on the first three- Class, Culture, and Color. Many fought their way against great odds into the middle class orthodox American society. Others, with equal strength, contested the social obligations to â€Å"Americanize and abandon traditional ways.† Still present was a major separation of income between Mexicans and whites, even in the middle class. Chicanas were finally embracing feminist viewpoints, knowing that they were twice the minority. Chicanos have a pursuit for social justice, for example, organizing to improve living conditions. Moving on to Culture, many Chicanos joined and took a memorial (signed by thousands of Chicanos) to Mexico and handed it over to President Lopez Mateos. This document plead to the Mexican President to negotiate with the United States government to fulfill the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which was designed to protect land grants and cultural rights. However, the United States government never seriously embraced this. Furthermore, Chicano activists offered the idea of bilingual education, which had many positive benefits. Unfortunately, it fell through due to counterattacks and low federal funding. Finally, Vigil moves on to color. Chicanos still had to endure discrimination from the Anglos. One example was a bill that was presented by Congressman Peter Rodino that would permit employers to ask for place of birth identification from anyone â€Å"appearing† to be Mexican. This without doubt violated the civil rights of the millions of Mexican Americans who were indeed born in the United States. Also, schools in Chicano...

Carbonemys Facts and Figures

Carbonemys Facts and Figures Name: Carbonemys (Greek for coal turtle); pronounced car-BON-eh-miss Habitat: Swamps of South America Historical Epoch: Paleocene (60 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 10 feet long and one ton Diet: Small animals Distinguishing Characteristics: Large size; capacious shell; powerful jaws About Carbonemys Its fitting that the name Carbonemys starts with car, because this Paleocene turtle was about the size of a small automobile (and, considering its massive bulk and cold-blooded metabolism, it probably didnt get very impressive gas mileage). Discovered in 2005, but only announced to the world in 2012, Carbonemys was far from the biggest prehistoric turtle that ever lived; two Cretaceous turtles that preceded it by millions of years, Archelon  and Protostega, were probably twice as heavy. Carbonemys wasnt even the biggest pleurodire (side-necked) turtle in history, outclassed by Stupendemys, which lived over 50 million years later. So why has Carbonemys been getting so much attention? Well, for one thing, Volkswagen Beetle-sized turtles arent discovered every day. For another, Carbonemys was equipped with an unusually powerful set of jaws, which leads paleontologists to speculate that this giant turtle feasted on comparably sized mammals and reptiles, possibly including crocodiles. And for a third, Carbonemys shared its South American habitat with the one-ton prehistoric snake Titanoboa, which may not have been above chowing down on the occasional turtle when circumstances demanded!

Second Life and Virtual Labs Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Second Life and Virtual Labs - Research Paper Example Second Life is mainly utilized in collaboration, scientific research and data visualization as ways of enhancing knowledge. Examples of these include genome, SciLands, Virginia Tech’s Slate, American Chemical Society’s, ACS Island, Nature Publishing Group’s and Elucian Islands Village. The graphics, Havok physics engine and Linden Scripting Language allow simulation of several imagined or real devices and machines. Many light houses are present, some having detailed Fresnel lenses (Bruder, 23). Common equipments include combat weapon systems and steam punk buoyant airships. A bigger part of Linden Scripting Language Guide elaborates on the features available and which can be used for modeling vehicles. These as popularly used in airplanes, motorcycles, boats and cars. Manned vehicles are more advantageous even though there can be remotely or autonomous controlled vehicles. Clark (6) argues that a significant obstacle is sim (region) crossing. As opposed to cell p hone handoffs, this is a challenge for users who are at walking speed. This has however been improved greatly by Linden Labs. The crossing becomes seamless when the user in mention has few resources allocated to them. Second Life physics is dependent on computer game physics. It consists of interpenetration avoidance of physical objects and avatars with physical or non-physical objects (Pauli Exclusion Principle’s approximation). For physical objects such as vehicles, real world motion is approximated. Avatars are used on vehicles and users have the ability of controlling them. Numerous system calls are part of the scripting language and are specialized for vehicle. They define their control and movement. However, the real world motion correspondence is quantitatively undefined. Second Life vehicles behave typically like vehicles in the real world in superficial ways only. The differences are essential in dealing with sim crossing challenge, internet communication latency and time step. Within these limits, a high realism degree is possible for some moving objects. However, with the available system calls, easier motions can be scripted quickly (Eastwell, 45). Genome Island literally began with a light bulb. A very popular scripting and building tutorial in Second Life is on making a light. This basic script’s modification animates many genome island experiments. Laboratory computers that can rum Second Life programs are already installed at Texas Wesleyan. This means that students can access Genome Island when in campus. The main grid is only allowed for people above the age of eighteen years and therefore the conceptual contents at Genome Island are created at a level suitable for university undergraduates. The materials do not correspond to any curriculum or textbook but comprise of encounters with genetic matters. The interactive maters behave as per established genetic principles. Activities are categorized in to four principal areas. Experi ments include Mendelian inheritance principles, genetic interactions and inheritance patterns, drosophila, bacterial and molecular genetics and population genetic principles. Guest builders and other students can make contributions on the Atelier. Teleports are used for connecting experiments that are related to each other. The Bottle experiment message is a section of genetic coding on the Tower unit. The protein’

Managing Organisational Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Managing Organisational Change - Essay Example ge in the organization that there are change management models and dynamics of change theories to serve as guides in the cases of change in the organization. The major cause of the problem in the case study is approach. The approach with which the industrial engineer went about his change is to blame for the problems that were encountered. This argument is made against two of eight dynamics of change lessons suggested by Fullan (1993) and quoted in North Central Regional Educational Laboratory. According to Fullan (1993), â€Å"You cant mandate what matters. The more complex the change, the less you can force it.† In fact, the change desired by the engineer was a very major change that should have gone through a series of step-by-step processes in implementing. The engineer seemed to be in a hurry to make the change and perhaps his glory shine. He was therefore eager to force the change (forgoing how his team leader felt about it). The second point raised by Fullan (1993), which is closely related to the first is that â€Å"individualism and collectivism must have equal power. There are no one-sided solutions to isolation and gro up think.† For this reason, the engineer should have worked more on convincing all stakeholders in the department to fully understand him before implementing the change and in implementing the change he should have factored in the views and ideas of each and every stakeholder to the latter. Looking at the kind of change that the industrial engineer wanted to undertake, it is the kind that can be described as individual change. For this reason, ADKAR model for individual change developed by Prosci is recommended for future changes of that nature. â€Å"Proscis model of individual change is called ADKAR - an acronym for Awareness, Desire, Knowledge, Ability and Reinforcement† (Prosci, 2010). From the ADKAR model, the industrial engineer should have sensitized an Awareness of the need for change among all stakeholders in the team, sort the

China in the World Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

China in the World Economics - Essay Example This is because China holds the key to regional cooperation and integration in East Asia. Thus, facilitating the projection of the EU's soft power to East Asia could become a priority for the new EU member states. The policy of the EU towards China is a multilevel engagement policy. Furthermore, it is a mixture of bilateral and multilateral approaches.2 This partnership is not strategic in the military sense. Yet, the issue of the lifting of the European arms embargo against China indicates that hard security issues have entered EU-China affairs. The Premier of the State Council of the PR China, Wen Jiabao, has coined the term 'comprehensive strategic partnership'. Wen defines the term in the following way: "By "comprehensive", it means that the cooperation should be all-dimensional, wide-ranging and multi-layered. It covers economic, scientific, technological, political and cultural fields, contains both bilateral and multilateral levels, and is conducted by both governments and non-governmental groups. By "strategic", it means that the cooperation should be long-term and stable, bearing on the larger picture of China-EU relations. It transcends the differences in ideology and social system a nd is not subjected to the impacts of individual events that occur from time to time. By "partnership", it means that the cooperation should be equal-footed, mutually beneficial and win-win. ... Politically, they share much in common as both belief in multilateralism, pursue democracy in international relations and work for safeguard the authority of the United Nations. China's integration into the global economy will further accelerate with its recent accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO). Numerous key sectors of China's burgeoning economy, such as banking and finance, are being forced to open up and liberalize, regardless of whether they are prepared. Beyond economics, China is a permanent member of the UN Security Council, possesses intercontinental-range nuclear weapons, and has become gradually more active in a host of regional and multilateral organizations. There is considerable debate about the size of China's economy relative to that of other economies. The value of Chinese exports has increased rapidly in recent years, and it is now the world's third largest goods exporter after the US and the EU.4 The total value of China's goods exports in 2005 was $762 billion, nearly 10% of the world total, compared with $593 billion in 2004, an increase of 28.4%. It has also become the world's largest importer, with goods imports valued at $660 billion, or 8.2% of the world total. China's trade in goods surplus was $102 billion for the whole of 2005 (4.6% of GDP), more than triple the previous year's surplus of $32 billion (1.7% of GDP).5 In spite of all such impressive figures, development is certainly not peaceful in China at present and the dangers inherent in political and economic decentralization are many. China's rapid economic growth, its increasing competitiveness and its growing goods exports have raised concerns in the EU and the US.Ã ‚  

Russias Approach to Cyber Warfare

Russias Approach to Cyber Warfare Policy Briefing on the Imminent Russian Cybersecurity Threat: The Need For Action Against Russian Cybercrimes In recent years, Russia has found a reliance on using cyberwar and crimes as a tactic to achieve their strategic goals both in their near-abroad and against Western countries. The United States must be prepared to retaliate against any cyber attack directed at our nation by assessing options to limit and counter the Russians without leading to an overescalation and possible war. Background: The frequency with which we hear about Russian hackers hacking into a country’s important information and systems has become more and more regular, and as a result of this it is important to trace back the history of Russian cyber warfare. The first instance of a large scale Russian cyber attack happened in Estonia in 2007. At the time, tensions were high between Russia and the former Soviet State, and the Kremlin authorized a campaign which targeted Estonian governmental agencies and businesses through use of massive DDoS (distributed denial of service) attacks that shut down countless websites essential to the functioning of these agencies and businesses (Batashvili). In 2008, Russia coordinated an even larger cyber attack during the Russo- Georgian War. On August 7, a cyber attack was conducted from Russia against Georgian government and media websites, while at the same time Russian troops were crossing the Georgian border. According to the Report of the Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on the Conflict in Georgia, the attack lead to several Georgian servers and high amounts Internet traffic being taken control of and placed under external control (Batashvili). The offensive persisted through the conflict lasting until ceasefire was announced on August 12. Furthermore, the Kremlin had tested their abilities in the lead up to the invasion, shutting down the official website of the president of Georgia for an entire day on July 10. The Russian cyber attacks affected practically all Georgian government websites, crippling the state’s ability to respond to the conflict. Additionally, attacks targeted Georgian media, business, and other political organizations in order to control them from turning the conflict away from Russia’s favor by making it difficult for information of what was happening inside of the conflict zone to spread out to the rest of the world. According to a report by the US Cyber Consequences Unit, â€Å"the primary objective of the cyber campaign was to support the Russian invasion of Georgia, and the cyber attacks fit neatly into the invasion plan†. The attacks achieved their intent, since they â€Å"significantly impeded the ability of the Georgian government to deal with the Russian invasion by interfering with communications between the government and the public, stopping many payments and financial transactions, and causing confusion about what was happening† (US Cyber Crimes Unit). Recent cyber attacks against Ukraine are a worrying signal of a continued use of this strategy. Ukrainian president Petro Poroshenko said that during in the final two months of 2016, Ukrainian state institutions had 6,500 instances of hacking, most directed towards the ministries of defence and finance, in addition to Kiev’s power grid and the treasury. According to the Poroshenko, the operation came at the hand of the Russian security services, following the same playbook as they had in Georgia (Batashvili). Russian cyber operations are not use solely in tandem with military offensives however, with many also being employed in the wars on information, especially against Western nations. The 2016 American presidential election, while highly publicized is not the only instance in which there is evidence of Russian interference with the 2017 French and German elections also being targeted. Numerous French officials and agencies, including the Defense Minister and DGSE have raised concern over the issue of Russian interference in the nation’s election, citing concern that fake news and cyber attacks were being directed to now President Macron and his party as they were not the candidates the Kremlin believed would be most beneficial to the Russian state interests. German intelligence agencies have also brought up similar concerns about Russian cyber activities being directed against Germany and its election, with Chancellor Angela Merkel, herself seeing attacks as threatening the foundation of German democracy and the effective functioning of the German state (Delker). Russian Objectives: As practiced today, Russian use of cyberwarfare has three common and consistent objectives: Capturing Territory Without Resorting to Overt or Conventional Military Force This was the strategic goal we saw Russia trying to achieve in 2014, when they successfully annexed Crimea. The annexation of Crimea relied on a group of Russian Special Forces operatives known as the â€Å"little green men†, who took their directives from a newly created Russian special operations command. The deployment of these highly trained operatives, in coordination with a massive information warfare campaign, as well as the involvement of   local Russian loyalist proxies created the opportunity for Russia to takeover without needing to shed blood as they had forced momentum to shift in their favor allowing for Crimeans in Ukraine to vote for secession from Ukraine (Chivis). In 2008, Russia used similar tactics in its invasion of Georgia, during which they similarly coordinated cyber attacks against essential government computing services while simultaneously operating special operation forces in coordination with Russian loyalists from the Georgian State. A major impact of these tactics has led to a weakened ability to integrate these countries with Western thought. In 2013, Russian Chief of the General Staff, General Valery Gerasimov showed Russia’s current views on such hybrid cyber warfare tactics, stating that in modern conflicts non-military means are put to use more than 4 times as often than are conventional military operations (Gerasimov). This suggests in the future such cyber attacks will be likely, and even at this point many are not being properly identified. In its use of cyberspace, Russia has shown it can find success in achieving territorial expansion goals in a manner that is nonviolent and seemingly peaceful, however there is always the underlying threat of actual military force being used unsparingly. Creating a Pretext for Overt, Conventional Military Action In a similar manner to capturing territory through covert, non-militarial expansion, Russia is also capable of using cyber warfare in order to create a conflict which gives them solid reasoning to use military force in foreign nations (Chivis). For instance, the Russian annexation of Crimea has lead to a reasonable concern that the Kremlin could engage in a hybrid strategy to manufacture a conflict worthy of military action elsewhere, possibly the Baltic states. As it did in Crimea, Russia could try to create tension in a country like Estonia by conducting a campaign which foments discord between the minority Russian population and the Estonians. In creating these sentiments which portray the government of Estonia as oppressive towards the minority Russians, the Kremlin can justify a Russian military intervention their behalf of the Russian minority, as Russian sentiment still sees these people as their own. Conducting an operation of this sort requires the accompaniment of simultaneous cyber operations directed at inflaming attitudes and creating difficulties in executing both national and NATO responses. It would almost certainly be accompanied by efforts to influence broader European and world opinion in ways that favored Russia’s intervention through use of propaganda and opinion shifting which portrays Russia as acting on behalf of a repressed population that seeks its aid. On the ground, it would involve the use of Russian secret agents and proxies, both to act as aid/support for local populations creating tensions, and to coordinate with military forces awaiting instruction and guidance. Using Hybrid Measures to Influence the Politics and Policies of Countries in the West and Elsewhere This last objective is the most pressing for the United States and Western countries out of the near vicinity of Russia. In this objective, the Kremlin seeks to use cyber operations in lieu of military action or war to create tension and distress in Western governments. The goal of this strategy is to influence and create favorable political outcomes in targeted countries to serve Russia’s national interests (Chivis). The countries where these types of operations are most likely to find success are those with high levels of corruption and weak legal systems. However, more stable countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom are similarly susceptible to such operations. Examples of ways the Kremlin can engage in cyber operations to influence an outside nation’s political system include the use of fake â€Å"troll† accounts used on social media to spread propaganda and create divides amongst the citizens of that nation. Also the hacking of servers of government officials can provide them with material which they can use to either influence that official through blackmail, or which can be leaked to induce further tension. In creating these narratives, Russia has the ability to influence democracy by planting false information and manufacturing biases against those that act against the interests of the Kremlin. American Stakes: The continued use of cyber attacks by the Russian government brings up very realistic threats both domestically and internationally for the United States. Internationally as Russia continues with their their goals of territorial expansion, the United States is faced with the concern of a wider influence of Russian thought and expansion of pro-Russian policies in areas where the United States has worked to promote democracy and peace. The desire of Russia to reassemble the Soviet Union remains very real, and as seen in Estonia, Georgia, and Crimea cyber attacks can play a key role in these territorial gains. By allowing continued expansion of the Russian state, the United States risks losing the strategic relationships they have developed with these countries as well as the progress they made towards finding them more independence from Russia as democracy began to take its roots in these nations. Furthermore, these attacks can be used by Russia in places like Syria as a way to promote the Assad regime which works in coordination with Russia in achieving other strategic goals, such as the development of an oil pipeline through Syria. Domestically, Russian cyber attacks can destabilize the US government by creating rifts and tensions amongst the American populace through the spread of false information and fake news.   As seen by the hacks against the DNC as well as the use of trolls during the 2016 Presidential Election, Russia’s use of cyber attacks can undermine American democracy by allowing for a foreign nation to alter the minds of our citizens, feeding them lies and inflammatory material to create disarray in our democracy. This is especially hurtful as Russia can cite American disorder as a reason to not take our example and implement democracy in the American fashion to foreign nations. Attacks by Russia can also cripple the government’s ability to function towards the service of its citizens.   Government Organization for a Cyber Attack The 2016 Presidential Policy Directive (PPD) 41 United States Cyber Incident Coordination   defines a significant cyber attack as â€Å"likely to result in demonstrable harm to national security interests, foreign relations, the domestic and global economy, public confidence, civil liberties, or public health and the safety of the American people.† (PPD 41). Cyber attacks by Russia against domestic communication or critical IT infrastructure fall under this classification. Should such an attack actually occur, the National Cyber Response Group would lead the defensive response as an arm of the National Security Council (PPD 41). The Secretary of Defense, in tandem with the directors of our Intelligence agencies would be responsible for managing incoming threats, and coordinating any strategy or movement that would require active military response. In the event that the telecommunications systems of the National Security and Emergency Preparedness sector fail, the National Coordinating Center for Communications would be tasked with re-establishing communications. Furthermore, PPD 41 stipulates that if an operation with clear attribution is found to have occured, the Cyber Response Group shall assemble a team of qualified and skilled cyber personnel to respond to the cyber incident. This response team shall have experience together in the form of practice sessions and war games. U.S. Strategic Responses After addressing the immediate effects of a Russian cyber attack, it’s imperative the United States consider its options of strategic and tactical responses. One option for the United States is response through non-military means such as indictment, diplomacy, or sanctions (Bate). A lower-level military and intelligence strategy that could possibly be employed by the United States is the use of counter-surveillance intelligence operations,   non-attributable cyber or conventional attacks, or attributable cyber or conventional attacks (Herb). These operations would target Russian military, civilian, or critical infrastructure systems. Since NATO classifies cyberspace as the fifth operational domain, it is likely that if the United States identified a significant cyber incident against its citizens as originating from Russia, their response would come in the form of aggressive cyber tactics. The possibility of conventional military expeditions may be explored, however the risk of further escalation makes it more likely that the United States respond only through cyber operations. Low-Level Attributable Cyber Intrusion One possible response the United States could utilize in retaliation to Russian cyber attacks is low-level cyber intrusion, distributed across a array of cyber incidents that could not be collectively categorized as a major attack. This intrusion would appear as a result of what is called â€Å"loud cyber weapons†, which are tools that can be traced back to the U.S military (Herb). The US military would send these weapons, embedded with encrypted codes, into Russian networks. The United States would then publicly provide the encryption key to end the intrusions caused by these weapons as a way to claim responsibility for the attack. The purpose of taking credit for the attacks is a key paradigm shift in U.S military strategy, now emphasizing attribution as a key aspect of a successful operation, and public knowledge as vital for deterrence. The United States also has the option of conducting more basic cyber attacks against Russia’s network, including by not limited to: alteration of government websites, disruptions of Internet service, interferences and disablements of communications, or the spreading of propaganda (Department of Defense Law of War Manual). In the aftermath of the hack of the DNC, senior officials weighed options for counter attacks on the Russian Federal Security Service (FSB) and the Main Intelligence Agency (GRU), including the use of the NSA’s TreasureMap tool, which tracks all global connections to the Internet, and can be utilized to install malware in targeted Russian computer systems with the purpose of intelligence gathering and future cyber-assaults (Bamford). Medium-Level Cyber Attack -No Immediate Casualties   The United States also has to ability to employ the use of â€Å"logic bombs† in cyber operations targeting both military and non-military targets in Russia. â€Å"Logic bomb† are codes developed with the purpose of overloading a computer’s system rendering them incapable to operate by presenting them with an endless amount of logic questions to answer. Sending these â€Å"logic bombs† into computer systems critical to Russia’s infrastructure will lead to the United States causing dramatic economic and operational damages to the Russian government and its people (Sternstein). The United States has invested a large sum of money into the development of these â€Å"logic bombs†, with initial investment coming back in 2014 when U.S. Cyber Command offered a $460 million contract to develop a â€Å"computer code capable of killing adversaries.†(Storm). High-Level Cyber Attack – Possible Casualties The United States could use logic bombs or other cyber intrusion methods to attack Russian critical infrastructure in a more serious fashion, leading to a larger potential for loss of human life or safety. These attacks include targeting systems such as those of a dam above a populated level where a   hacking could lead to floodgates being opened onto Russian citizens, or disabling air traffic control services leading to air safety where planes pose a threat to each other and the land beneath them. These options, particularly if they are easily traceable, have the potential to escalate quickly into further intensified conflict. Military-Level Cyber Attack – Escalatory The United States also has the ability to use similar cyber operations to directly attack Russian military targets, with possible targets including the shut off of power at a nuclear facility or an airfield, which will lead to the cause of serious casualties. These attacks will most definitely lead to a triggering of a notable escalatory threshold of response by the Russians. It is significant that many Russian industrial networks run computer systems operating Windows XP, and in some cases even older systems, while maintaining connections to the Internet. Not only are these dated systems particularly vulnerable to attack, as evidenced by the United States already demonstrating its ability to break into these systems. In November 2016, the United States reportedly penetrated Russian military systems, leaving behind malware to be activated in retaliation in the case of Russian interference of U.S. elections (Dilanian et. al). This demonstrated both confidence in the success of the malware implant, and political willingness to trigger a consequential conflict given Russia attacks the United States in a serious manner (Bernish). Strategic Considerations for U.S. Decisions In response to a Russian cyber attack, the United State’s strategic responses should be a result of its classification of the attack as being non-significant, significant, or an act of war. State Department Cyber Coordinator Chris Painter said the United States would respond to incidents on a case-by-case basis in testimony before the House Subcommittee on Information Technology and National Security in November 2016, saying that retaliation â€Å"could be through cyber means. It could be through diplomacy. It could be through indictments and law enforcement actions.†(Pellerin). Some of these responses require action while others do not; the path taken must be dependent on actual and anticipated effects of a cyber attack, including damage, injury, and death. Painter testified that, â€Å"cyber activities may in certain circumstances constitute an armed attack that triggers our inherent right to self-defense as recognized by Article 51 of the U.N. Charter†(Hearing on â€Å"Digital Acts of War: Evolving the Cybersecurity Conversation†). The United States could also identify a cyberattack as being an infringement upon its territorial integrity and political independence, per Article 2(4) of the Charter. However, recent political happenings indicate that the United States would be hesitant in invoking Article 51, regardless of whether a Russian cyber attack lead to nominal death, injury, or damage. Instead, the United States could limit its declarations and address the attack as a â€Å"significant cyber incident,† invoking the full support of the U.S. military while avoiding over-escalation. Furthermore, even though NATO justifies military response in the realm of cyberspace, the lack of precedent means that the United States actually has more options in responding to Russia if it were to employ use of cyber means, that may or may not lead to conventional consequences. The United States would need to decide between conducting a covert or overt counter-cyber attack. The tactical considerations noted above show that hidden, non-attributable cyber attacks do not fall within the Department of Defense’s deterrence strategy, and would not be treated as a suitable strategy. In the aftermath of the 2014 Sony Pictures hacking by the North Korean government, the United States didn’t respond with a public cyber operation, and it was â€Å"unclear how the United States may have retaliated against the North in secret, if it even did so.†(Sanger). The lack of a publicly noticed retaliation as well mild economic sanctions now seems ineffective as punishment. A situation could come up that would give the United States the opportunity to execute an immediately observable cyber attack or a preparatory attack (logic bomb), with the target being either a Russian military or civilian infrastructure. Similar to Russia, the United States should also avoid directly targeting a military structure in order to avoid escalation to full-scale war. As a result of this, the United States should choose to deploy a cyber weapon against critical Russian infrastructure, leading to conventional consequences being faced by Russia. Even the use a medium-level choice in terms of retaliation, would require global ramifications to be taken into account. Even still, it is my recommendation to engage in a retaliatory strategy, which employs the use of both a combination of an observable cyber attack through use of â€Å"loud cyber weapons† and â€Å"logic bombs† against significant parts of the Russian infrastructure. The United States cannot allow Russia to attack them and take global credit for the attack without retaliating in some way to show dominance over Russia. â€Å"Loud cyber weapons† are particularly suitable for retaliation that the public is aware of and will show the world that the United States is not only willing to retaliate, but is better skilled in cyber war and confident enough in its abilities to retaliate swiftly. â€Å"Logic bombs† targeted against non-military sites that still hold significant value to Russian infrastructure will be the second leg of the suggested attack. The crippling of essential infrastructure will both warn the Russians that an attack on us will be met with an attack that hurts their citizens and keep them from being able to retaliate back since they will not have the resources to come back at the United States. Works Cited Batashvili, David. â€Å"Russias Cyber War: Past, Present, and Future.† EUobserver, 15 Feb. 2017, euobserver.com/opinion/136909. Delker, Janosch. â€Å"Germany Fears Russia Stole Information to Disrupt Election.† POLITICO, POLITICO, 28 Jan. 2018, www.politico.eu/article/hacked-information-bomb-under-germanys-election/. The Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation, approved by Russian Federation presidential edict on February 5, 2010 (translated). Accessed at http://carnegieendowment.org/files/ 2010russia_military_doctrine.pdf. Understanding Russian â€Å"Hybrid Warfare† and What Can Be Done About It (2017) (testimony of Christopher S. Chivvis). Print. US Cyber Consequences Unit. (2009) ‘Overview by the US-CCU of the cyber campaign against Georgia in August of 2008’ Valery Gerasimov, â€Å"The Value of Science is in the Foresight: New Challenges Demand   Rethinking the Forms and Methods of Carrying out Combat Operations,† Voyenno-Promyshlennyy Kurier, February 26, 2013.